The Great Gatsby By Fitzgerald Essays - The Great Gatsby

The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald On the superficial level, The Great Gatsby tells the story of a young middle class man who happens to get mixed up in the chaotic affairs of his wealthy cousin and neighbor. F. Scott Fitzgerald's story of life in the 1920s is much more than it appears to be, though. Even such things as the colors used in description play a crucial part in the "big picture" of the entire novel. Symbolism adds a whole other level of comprehension to the story. Even from the smallest pieces of the puzzle, this symbolism broadens the view of what the "big picture" of the novel actually is. These pieces of the puzzle come even from the characters themselves when viewed merely as symbols and the setting when analyzed more closely. The character of Jay Gatsby himself is a symbol of the "American dream." His entire life, Gatsby strives to convert himself and his life into what all Americans wish to attain. Only through hard work and an adventurous nature, though, can these goals usually be accomplished. An object that helps support the idea that Gatsby represents the "American dream" is his childhood "schedule" kept on a blank page in a copy of The Adventures of Hopalong Cassidy. "Rise from bed .6:00 AM Dumbbell exercise and wall-scaling ..?.6:15-6:30 " Study electricity, etc. ..7:15-8:15 " Work 8:30-4:30 PM Baseball and sports .4:30-5:00 " Practice elocution, poise and how to attain it .5:00-6:00 " Study needed inventions .7:00-9:00 " GENERAL RESOLVES No wasting time at Shafters or (indecipherable name) No more smoking or chewing Bath every other day Read one improving book or magazine per week Save $5.00 $3.00 per week Be better to parents" (174). Hopalong Cassidy is a typically romantic American figure of heroism and adventure. Gatsby's program for self-improvement written in the back of this book reflects Gatsby's struggle to acquire the two basic qualities of the American Hero: hard-working ambition and a robust desire for adventure. Gatsby's change from James Gatz to Jay Gatsby is his first step towards his vision of reaching his goals. After that point, all his actions were devoted to becoming the manifestation of the American dream. Another symbol of great importance is the ladder dream that Gatsby has about himself and Daisy. This dream represents Gatsby's willingness to turn his back on morals and a wise life just to be with Daisy. "...He could climb to it (the ladder), if he climbed alone, and once there he could suck on the pap of life, gulp down the incomparable milk of wonder. "?He knew that when he kissed this girl, and forever wed his unutterable visions to her perishable breath, his mind would never romp again like the mind of God?Then he kissed her. At his lips' touch she blossomed for him like a flower and the incarnation was complete" (112). By choosing rather to stay with Daisy than to climb the ladder to better things, he gave up his morals so he could be with the object of his obsession. This shows that Gatsby is really no better than any other of the characters are. He would rather get what he wants than take the moral path. Something that also plays an extensive role in the symbolism of the novel is the color green. Green is the color of promise, hope, and renewal. By reaching towards the green light on the dock of Daisy's estate, Gatsby reaches for his dreams. His dream is of one day meeting again with Daisy. His hope is to return to passed days when he and Daisy were in love and renewing their relationship. Green, though, is also the color of envy and want. By reaching for his dreams of Daisy, Gatsby also reaches straight into a chaotic world full of wants and lusts. By going to Daisy, he also becomes mixed in with everybody else involved with Daisy directly and indirectly. This ultimately leads to his downfall with George Wilson believing that it was Gatsby who killed his wife and not Daisy. By walking into the world of Daisy, Gatsby walked into a world he could not keep up with. One of the most important of symbols in the novel is the valley of ashes. The valley, basically, represents what

Johannes Vermeer Bio - Dutch Baroque Painter

Johannes Vermeer Bio - Dutch Baroque Painter Movement, Style, School or Type of Art: Dutch Baroque Date and Place of Birth: October 31, 1632, Delft, Netherlands This was, at least, the date on which Vermeer was baptized. There is no record of his actual date of birth, though we assume it was close to the above. Vermeers parents were Protestant Reformed, a Calvinist denomination that held infant baptism as a sacrament. (Vermeer himself is thought to have converted to Roman Catholicism when he married.) Life: Perhaps appropriately, given the scant factual documentation about this artist, any discussion of Vermeer must begin with confusion over his real name. Its known that he went by his birth name, Johannes van der Meer, shortened it to Jan Vermeer later in life and was given the third moniker of Jan Vermeer van Delft (presumably to distinguish him from an unrelated family of Jan Vermeers who painted in Amsterdam). These days, the artists name is correctly referenced as Johannes Vermeer. We also know when he was married and buried, and civic records from Delft indicate the dates Vermeer was admitted to the painters guild and took out loans. Other records tell that, after his early death, his widow filed for bankruptcy and support for their eight minor (the youngest of eleven, total) children. As Vermeer did not enjoy fame - or even a widespread reputation as an artist - during his lifetime, everything else written about him is (at best) an educated guess. Vermeers early work concentrated on history paintings but, around 1656, he moved into the genre paintings he would produce for the rest of his career. The man seems to have painted with painstaking slowness, dissecting a whole color spectrum out of white light, executing near-perfect optical precision and reproducing the most minute details. This may have translated to fussy from another artist, but with Vermeer it all served to highlight the personality of the pieces central figure(s). Possibly the most amazing thing about this immensely famous artist is that hardly anyone knew he had lived, let alone painted, for centuries after his death. Vermeer wasnt discovered until 1866, when the French art critic and historian, Thà ©ophile Thorà ©, published a monograph about him. In the years since, Vermeers authenticated output has been variously numbered at between 35 and 40 pieces, although people hopefully search for more now that they are known to be both rare and valuable. Important Works: Diana and her Companions, 1655-56 Procuress, 1656 Girl Asleep at a Table, ca. 1657 Officer with a Laughing Girl, ca. 1655-60 The Music Lesson, 1662-65 Girl with a Pearl Earring, ca. 1665-66 Allegory of the Art of Painting, ca. 1666-67 Date and Place of Death: December 16, 1675, Delft, Netherlands As with his baptismal record, this is the date upon which Vermeer was buried. Youd want to assume his burial was very near to his date of death, though. How To Pronounce Vermeer: vur ·mear Quotes From Johannes Vermeer: No, sorry. We have nothing from this man of mystery. We can only imagine what he might have said. (One guess, with eleven children in the house, would be the occasional plea for quiet.) Sources and Further Reading Arasse, Daniel; Grabar, Terry (trans.). Vermeer: Faith in Painting.Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1994. Baker, Christopher. Vermeer, Jan [Johannes Vermeer]The Oxford Companion to Western Art. Ed. Hugh Brigstocke. Oxford University Press, 2001. Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press, 6 November 2005. Franits, Wayne. Vermeer, Johannes [Jan] Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press, 6 November 2005. Read a review of Grove Art Online. Montias, John M. Artists and Artisans in Delft, a Socio-Economic Study of the Seventeenth Century.Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1981. Snow, Edward A. A Study of Vermeer.Berkeley : University of California Press, 1994 (revised ed.). Wheelock, Arthur K.; Broos, Ben. Johannes Vermeer.New Haven : Yale University Press, 1995. Wolf, Bryan Jay. Vermeer and the Invention of Seeing.Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2001. Videos Worth Watching Dutch Masters: Vermeer (2000) Girl With a Pearl Earring (2004) Vermeer: Master of Light (2001)Publisher website Vermeer: Light, Love and Silence (2001) See more resources on Johannes Vermeer. Go to Artist Profiles: Names beginning with V or Artist Profiles: Main Index

Bereavement Support Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bereavement Support Group - Essay Example I have a husband and 2 other children (ages 8 & 6). Im shocked, I feel sad, lonely, and isolated, especially being away from my country and my family. Im struggling in my studies and also being forced to continue to deal with everyday life once again as if nothing had happened. Through my exploration, research and groups I am able to present what I have found among those dealing with the grief process and support groups. Support groups commonly were found to share certain traits and built on certain underlying principles and theories while also allowing freedom to stray from those boundaries set by society and prior studies as to what is expected and what the actuality of the situation is. Backgrounds among those who participated in one group study included nursing, social work, counseling, pastoral care, and genetics (Supiano, & Vaughn-Cole, 2011). Foundation of trust is key to any support group; establishing & maintaining trust is directly related to the leader & the leader’s style, ability to communicate and also their sensitivity to each within the group and where they are in the healing process. Group facilitators are educated in numerous ways and come from many professions. They must be able to utilize open ended question to draw out members to share. Previous experience with death, grief, bereavement, and loss are important. Many group leaders have themselves experienced grief and loss. Health care setting students who participated in and organized a group were comprised of 80% who had person prior direct experience with grief and loss. Chronic sorrow can result when there are no coping mechanisms learned, it is persuasive, misunderstood and usually a continuing and resurgent grief. Though it more often related to a long term illness or dementia there is also persistent cases in those who have found no closure. Chronic sorrow is instigated by trauma and events such as the loss of a child and bereavement are very traumatic experiences (Roos,

The Analysis of Philosophers Against the Family Article by Christina Essay - 1

The Analysis of Philosophers Against the Family Article by Christina Hoff Summers - Essay Example The paper will also analyze the view of the author and how it has been justified in her claims. The conclusion drawn by the author is also a point that will be reviewed in the paper. The author is basically against the radical movement of modern day feminists. Summers is denouncing radical feminist movement and comments that their views are not connected to true aspirations of women. ( Thesis) Christina Hoff Summers in her article â€Å"Philosophers against the Family â€Å"is arguing about the absurdities of the modern radical feminists. She is claiming that what the radical feminist demands for is not the true wants of a woman. According to the author, a woman wants to be in a family and take care of her children and she does not wants to dominate men as feminist seek. A woman wants equal and fair rights in the workplace and society and does not want any extraordinary power like the feminists to perceive. Her aim is to show the world the true inner self of a woman and for this; s he is outrightly demeaning radical feminists. According to her liberalism is advocating social reform with conservative spirits and it should not be supernal to the social institutions under which people operate. The radicals want to do away with social mores and institutions but the liberal focuses on social reforms. Summers aligns herself with liberal camp while attacking many of the radical ideas of modern feminists. The author has an idea that it is perfect to approach family ties and ethics from a liberal or conservative framework but a radical approach can hamper the society and disrupts people’s happiness. Sommers understand that modern radical movement has neglected social institutions that do not fit in the traditional utilitarian or Kantian frameworks. Family is one of social institutions and philosophers have often ignored it or had made an attempt to change or abolish it dramatically. The author deems this and cites many examples where the radical alteration of fa mily has happened.

Knowledge management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Knowledge management - Essay Example The paper tells that the aim of knowledge management is to create a connection between people’s knowledge and actions they need in particular situations. According to Binney knowledge management entails making known to you what you know, what you have no idea of and at the same time striving to create sense of what you know. In organizations people are exposed to different trainings where they learn new ideas and skills. Consequently the question is, â€Å"How does one apply this learnt knowledge appropriately in order to realize best results?† This is where knowledge management comes into play, by ensuring that all learnt knowledge has been turned into useful knowledge in the decision making processes. The main aspect of knowledge management is â€Å"sense making†. Sense making has four major steps: gathering information, classifying, evaluating and digesting the information, sharing and finally reusing the information. A variety of explanations have been put fo rth to explain the sense making aspect of knowledge management. For instance there is the â€Å"Weick’s concept† which identifies three stages involved in sense making. The first step according to Weick is enactment which involves putting information in its environmental context. It is then followed by selection in which one attaches selectively meanings to the information. Retention finally follows where one is faced with the obligation of storing the resulting sense, hence adding to the existing knowledge. Bolloju, Khalifa and Turban (2002, P. 165) explains that the stored information is therefore made available when needed in the decision making process. Dervin also tries to give an explanation to the sense making process. According to her sense making is a thing of our everyday live as we try to give meanings to what we come across (Feng, Chen and Liou, 2004, p. 92). She says sense making is goal oriented and has three main aspects: situations, gaps and uses. Situa tions refers to the context in which we want to make sense, gaps is what triggers us to look for new knowledge and uses the goals of trying to make sense. From her explanations we can say that people do not start searching for knowledge aimlessly, but rather they have something that initiates the search and a purpose of doing it (Feng, Chen and Liou, 2004, p. 93). Damodaran and Olphert (2000, p. 407) says from the above explanations, one will then be wondering what the meaning of effective utilization of existing knowledge in its sense making and practical use is. Hence it is important to understand that we have different types of knowledge that need to be sorted out in order for them to give out sensible meaning. Binney, (2001, p. 35) concur that one need to do an epistemology study so as to come up with a valuable understanding of what knowledge is. Epistemology studies knowledge from its different perspectives. It helps an individual to understand the different types of knowledge and the various views that are attached to them. Organizations have different types of knowledge that need to be utilized appropriately in order attain its goals. Such typologies include: encoded, embrained, encultured, embodied and embedded (Binney, 2001, p. 35). Knowledge is not a process but rather is a static thing whose impacts can only be felt

User Perceptions of Web 2.0

User Perceptions of Web 2.0 Abstract With the advent of the internet and the evolution of e-business, the widely held perception is that we operate in a know ledged-based economy. Many organisations have realised that changing and adapting their business processes to leverage information technology is vital for sustainability. The traditional paradigm of focusing on products has gradually eroded and organisational rhetoric has shifted towards services. In fact the notion has been permeated that the customer has taken centre stage in corporate strategy . Focus is now drawn to building sustainable relationships with customers and involving them in the decision making processes. Customers are now involved in core organisational processes such as development of new products and services. Customers services in the traditional approach has mainly consisted of assisting customers before or after the purchase of products. With the customer taking a central theme in organisational strategy and with the introduction of Informatio n technology as an enabler of organisational change . IT Organisations have looked at information systems such as Customer relationship management solutions to manage all aspects of customer communications. CRM systems have been rolled out with the promise to enhance operational efficiency and productivity in organisations. CRMs are supposed to help IT Organisations understand their customers better. Most customer services in knowledge based Organisations now rely on knowledge bases and CRMs. However it seems that in spite of all these information systems and organisational efforts , many IT organisations have yet to fully harness the capabilities of e-business and gain competitive advantage by leveraging the customers as co-creators and co-producers of knowledge. Notions such as self-service are not as pervasive as one would expect. It is arguably true that some IT organisations have attempted with belated success to establish a true symbiotic relationship with their customers. The refore this study will attempt to encourage the use of web 2.0 by exploring the user perceptions of users in web 2.0 specifically in customer services. Qualitative research was carried out through semi-structured interviews focussing on the social , personal, cognitive and affective perception of users when participating in web 2.0 (Blogs, virtual forums, etc))within support activities. The analysis of the data was carried out using the Users and Acceptance framework . Implications for research and practice highlight organisational culture as a very important prerequisite for the use and acceptance of web 2.0 enabled technology. CHAPTER 1 Introduction The constant innovation of software products has invariably driven the need for customers to understand and use the ever evolving products effectively (Dholakia et al , 2009).As a result of this organisations rely predominantly on the acquisition of a service support contract defined as pre-sales and post sales support contracts to enable these organisations to learn about the product, assist in using the product and ultimately solving problems during the use of the software ( Gray and Durcikova 2006). An indirect advantage of a support contract provides organisations with information about their customers to personalise the pre-purchase, purchase, and post-purchase experiences (Kohlbacher, 2008). Some firms supplement this employee-based service support model with virtual customer communities ( (Mathwick, Wiertz, and de Ruyter 2008) such as Ebay (Dholakia et al , 2009).In fact Mills and Morris (1986) argue that customers can thus become partial employees by taking over some service functions that are normally carried out by employees. This implies that some firms successfully leverage their relationships with their customers to derive further value creation. This view falls in line with the argument that organisations should build better relationships with their customers with the aim to retaining customers (Lemon, White, and Winer (2002),; not only because the growth of the internet and rapid technological progress has lead to increasing market transparency thus making it difficult to achieve long lasting differentiation (Hande Kimilog?lu and Hu ¨lya Zarali) , but also because customer loyalty can be directly linked to organisational profitability. Loyal customers have higher customer retention rates, use a larger share of their category spending to the organisation, and are more likely to recommend others to become customers of the firm (Reichheld and Earl Sasser, 1990; Zeithaml, 2000; Keiningham, 2007). A new perspective is being heralded that organisations can leverage web2.0 to build closer relationships with customers (Forrester). Web 2.0 encompasses a range of interactive tools and social communications techniques like blogs, podcasts and social networks (Chaffey, 2008).This is because the rapid spread of high speed internet access has enabled the participation and interaction that encourages user created content,creation of communities. The power of web 2.0 technologies such as Facebook and Myspace with 300 millions users arguably exemplies how popular and successful and relevant web 2.0 can be (Chaffey, 2008). Traditionally the verb networking describes the Machiavellian stance of creating and sustaining interpersonal connections and using these for commercial gain (Iacobucci) .Therefore one can be conclude that organisations should innovate on their services and leverage the internet to improve their brands recognition and improve customer loyalty. Interestingly within organisational studies the fostering of relationships to improve customer loyalty and serve customers better is the main reason why organisations deploy customer relationship management systems. In fact some (Chen ,Popovich; 2003 ) define CRM as an integrated approach to managing relationships by focusing on customer retention and relationship building facilitated by the advances in information technology. Others on the otherhand see CRM as a central knowledge management system.Still yet other emphasise the insight that organisations can gain from using CRM systems especially in marketing , segmenting and targeting (Colt.). While all these views possibly suggest that CRM can provide the relationship management , knowledge and insight to leverage the relationship between customers and organisations, it appears CRM falls short in practise to live up to these claims ; in fact Gibbert et al., ( 2002) claim that CRM leaves knowledge residing in customers. Similarly Zaltman (2003) argues that current CRM implementations are restricted to collecting and managing data and information while ignoring tacit information. This shortcomings of CRM has seen some researchers segment and reconceptualise some domains in CRM such as Customer Knowledge Management that deals with tacit knowledge, explicit knowledge and relationship management in customer services (davenport et a, 2001, Gibbert et al , 2002 ). While the importance of web 2.0 technologies such social networking is accepted (Forrester, Chaffeh) many researchers suggest that its impact in organisations has not been thoroughly investigated (Castilla et al. (2000). Therefore the aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of social media in customer service organisations . Data is gathered through an a questionnaire to participants to evaluate the potential and potential impact of web 2.0 technologies on customer services. RESEARCH FOCUS This dissertation intends to explore the use of web 2.0 information systems within customer services of an information technology organisation based in the united states with support centres in the united kingdom, Australia and India. The main themes this research seeks to explore are: How users perceive the Web 2.0 and its relation to their Cognitive needs that describes the acquisition of information, knowledge and understanding. Understand how the affective needs (Emotion, pleasure, feelings.) of users who participate in a firms web 2.0 information systems affiliate with the organisation Understand how Personal integrative ( Credibility, stability, status) are affected by participation in an organisations web 2.0 initiatives understand the impact of web 2.0 on users and the building of communities ( Social integrative) Aim and Objectives Aim The aim for this dissertation is to explore the user perceptions of web 2.0 within a technical support department specifically in an ICT organisations. Objectives Carry out a literature review of CRM within the organisational context and link to knowledge management and enterprise agiliy Examine Web 2.0 and review contemporary web 2.0 literature and its consequences for centralised versus decentralised (localised, contextualised) planning and decision processes in social systems; clarify key characteristics of Web 2.0 technologies and their potential to enhance networking and collaboration among peers in communities of practice; assess the potential of the communication and collaboration features of Web 2.0 tools for creating and exchanging knowledge in corporate information systems; outline the potential of Web 2.0 technologies to foster employee empowerment through collaboration and interaction; and finally draw conclusions for the adoption of Web 2.0 technologies in organisations Research Approach In order to explore the user perceptions of web 2.0 within customer services, qualitative interpretive research will be carried out.Qualitative research appears more appropriate for this study as it will provide information into what each particular user perceives the usefulness of web2.0 . Because such information is more subjective in nature , it is therefore better approached using qualitative research. The essence of this qualitative research will be interpretive in nature into uncovering information about the human perception, feelings, opinions and thoughts (Fonow and Cook ,1991). Observatory research while being useful is limited to solely identifying behaviour however not understanding reasons behind that behaviour and does not include important details such as the context of users. This is not enough insight for the purpose of this research as there is a clear need to ascertain both the behaviour as well as attitudes behind these. Additionally quantitative research acquires data through the assumption that social facts can always be measured on the assumption that they have an objective reality. Thus not identifying that user attitudes and perceptions can be influenced by emotions and as a result fail to gain a deeper insight to motivation and behaviour. Dissertation Outline This section outlines and briefly describes the structure of the dissertation : CHAPTER 1: Technical Support This chapter is an introduction of the dissertation highlighting the research area with a presentation of the aims and objectives of the research CHAPTER 2: Literature Review This chapter is a critical review of existing literature on call centre. It also discusses contemporary theories and perspectives relating to the Technical support. It also discusses the use of information systems within the context of this dissertation CHAPTER 3: Research Methodology will describe and articulate the research methodology. This also includes information about the design of the research and the Organisation Chapter 4: Research findings and Analysis This chapter presents the case study, the findings from the semi-structured interviews conducted in the organization using the Users and gratification (UG)theory as the conceptual lens for the discussion. Chapter Five :Analysis and discusses the result of the research. Each hypothesis is investigated for any acceptance or rejection of the proposed framework designed for each hypothesis. Concluding this section will be a discussion of limitations arising from developing this research. Chapter 5: Conclusion This will discuss the implications of the research findings in practise while also suggesting some recommendations for future research. CHAPTER 2 Theoretical Perspectives on customer relationship management systems Technical Support Customer relationship Management There are diverse views on why organisations implement customer relationship management systems. Ngai (2005) suggests that the CRM have been primarily used to automate processes. Senge et al (1999) suggests that Organisations need to continuously change and adapt to changing environment and assert that Customer relationship management systems are key to this process. Stein and Smith (2009) suggest that if properly organized and applied, information can become the knowledge that defines the mission, form and strategy of an Organisation and associate CRM with theories such as the adaptive enterprise. This view is shared by Sun et al (2006) who suggest the primary purpose of CRMs as adaptive learning. In this context adaptive learning is defined as the process of predicting information from large databases to identify valuable customers, the ability to learn about the preferences of these valuable customers , forecast future behavioural patterns and estimate customer value. The rapid gr owth of the internet (chaffey, 2008) and the current limitations of existing CRM implementations (Gibbert et al, 2002) has seen some It has been established that organisations must exploit existing competencies,technologies, and knowledge (March, 1991) , improvise (Orlikowski) and also pursue knowledge about unknown possibilities for competitive action (Sambamurthy, 2003).It has being In fact the notion of organisational agility is often permeated and is described as a combination of customer agility, partnering agility, and operational agility (Cronin 2000). The underlying perspectives seem therefore to suggest that Organisations operate in continuously changing environments, it appears that Organisations are expected to be agile. Agility There are some divergent views which suggest how companies should attain enterprise agility. The underlying concept behind all these definitions relies on these organisations sensing changes and responding accordingly. Some advocate absorptive capacity (Zahra, 2002) which suggests the capability (dynamic) to create and utilize knowledge. While others suggest enterprise agility that builds upon other theories in management theory such as dynamic capability, strategic flexibility, market orientation and absorptive capacity (Overby 2006). Chaffen (2008) highlights strategic agility as the an organisations ability to innovate and so gain competitive advantage within a market place by monitoring changes within an organisationss marketplace and then to efficiently evaluate alternative strategies and then select review and implement appropriate candidate strategies. Nambisan (2002) postulates that agility is important for organisations and argues that customers serve three valuable roles namely as a source of innovation ideas, as co-creators who help in the development and design of innovative products and services, and finally users help in testing the product or in assisting other users learn about new products or services.Others (Kohli and Jaworski 1990) underline the more strategic advantages of Customer agility and suggest it helps organisations gain market intelligence and in detecting competitive action opportunities. However it seems CRMs are not only implemented for firms to gain agility or intelligence. This raises the question about what Organisations expect from CRM implementations. It appears the role of the customer within organisations has gained increased focus.In that light Kohli Jaworski (1990) postulate that customers play a central strategy in organisations. (Fornell et al , 2006) have done some empirical studies and suggest that there is a direct link between customer relationship activity and firm performance. Similarly Lemon, White, and Winer (2002) highlight the marketing trend of building long lasting relationships with customers for better competitiveness. Agrawal (2003) suggests CRMs are central to the task of making an organisation customer centric and maintains that this is the most certain way of increasing value to organisations and profitability to the organisations. The Information centric view of CRM has also been delineated with Peppers and Rogers (1999) highlighing th e technological aspects of customer relationship management and arguing that CRMs are technology solutions that extend separate databases and sales force automation tools to link sales marketing efforts to improving targeting efforts. From these viewpoints, one could suggest that the ultimate objective behind CRM initiatives is ultimately about managing relationships with customers . The proposition is that if organisations build better relationships with customers, this would ultimately lead to better competitive abilities and can lead to long term competitiveness and sustainability. This appears simplistic and deterministic and there is research evidence to suggest that some CRM initiatives have not met these objectives, for example Rigby et al (2002) argue that CRM initiatives have alienated long-term customers and employees. Customer relationship Management Definition Within the scope of this study the definition of Customer relationship management systems will be aligned with Chen and Popowich (2003) that define CRMs as a combination of people ,processes and technology that seek to provide understanding of customers. According to Chen and Popovich (2003) a CRM system is a complex application that mines customer data, creates a comprehensive view of key customers, and predicts their purchasing patterns. CRMs support business strategy and assist in the building of long term relationships with the customer. Chen and Popowich (2003) also maintain that although CRM is enabled by technology, it is not a technology solution because the key processes are carried out by people and these need clear understanding of the objectives of key decisions. Although the term CRM seems to have a ubiquitous definition that focuses on relationship management with customers, Greenberg (2004) claims that Customer relationship management systems can be interpreted in thre e distinct ways; (1) Data-driven CRM that leans on Information technology and centres around the integration customer information using applications, interfaces, and automation tools. (2) Process-driven CRM builds around organisational practices and rules and seeks to automate organisational processes for better efficiency. (3) people-driven CRM focuses on the job of executives and employees in utilizing face-to-face communication to process relationship management. The underlying proposition is that CRM while being technologically enabled requires company-wide, cross-functional, customer-focused business process re-engineering to be successful. CRM has arguably cemented its position as an important organisational construct with Forrester research postulating the growth of the CRM industry will reach 11 billion dollars annually by 2010 (Forrester,2008). In spite of this apparent success of CRM, there are diverging views on its efficiency and suitability to dealing with issues raised with customer support services departments and as such Chen, Popovich (2003) postulate that CRM is a combination of People, process and technology that need to provide understanding of customer needs to support a business strategy. This suggests that organisational structure is an important facet of CRM. Similarly some suggest that the key to organisation success is rooted in the ability to sense environmental change and respond readily (Overby2006). The environment in this context are the strategic and operational conditions such as regulatory changes, technological advancement and increased customer demands. Thus the point is made for the agile enterprise. Agility is defined as the ability of an (inter-connected) organization to detect changes, opportunities and threats in its business environment and to provide speedy and focused responses to customers, as well as other stakeholders, by reconfiguring resources and processes, and through strategic partnerships and alliances. The argument can thus be made that organisations need to derive more from the information at their disposal to ensure better decisions. In the context of the internet , it can be argued that with the low cost entry barrier offered by the internet , organisations now require unique selling points to differentiate their products and retain their existing customers. This has caused the customer support services departments to emerge as one of the most importan t parts of organisations. Perhaps because customers must learn continuously to keep abreast of innovations (Dholakia et al , 2009).Attracting a new customer is more expensive than retaining a customer (Chaffey , 2006). The Role of Information Systems The role of information technology on agility is often referred to as indirect (Overby, 2006). This view suggests that IT provides the infrastructure upon which other business functions and processes rely. Information technologies such as decision support systems, data warehouses, and OLAP tools can facilitate the development of knowledge through real-time data monitoring, pattern identification and scenario modelling. This enhances the organisation sensing capabilities by providing managers with high-quality information about the state of the business, which helps them, identify emerging opportunities.Others (Sambamurthy et al, 2003) suggest that information technology investments and capabilities influence firm performance through a nomological network of three significant organizational capabilities (agility, digital options, and entrepreneurial alertness) and strategic processes (capability-building, entrepreneurial action, and co evolutionary adaptation)..The essence of their ar gument appears to be that organizations with better information technology are better at making decisions. One can therefore infer from these arguments that organisations should use Information technology as an enabler which enables them to sense and perceive changes in their environment and respond effectively (the fastest response is not necessarily the best response). The role of information technology and its impact on CRM initiatives has been greatly discussed. According to Tamminga and OHalloran (2000) the increasing use of the Internet by customers has important ramifications for CRM because of what is expected in terms of customer management . Along these lines Petrissans (2000) maintains that information technology automation solutions such as FAQ (frequently asked questions ) and interactive voice response systems can increase operational efficiency. Furthermore Sandoe et al. (2001) suggest that information technology development such as business intelligence through data warehousing and data mining are very important for the effectiveness of CRM systems Fundamentally it appears the role of information technology on enterprise ability and agility is often referred to as indirect (Overby, 2006). This view maintains that IT provides the infrastructure upon which other business functions and processes rely. Information technologies such as dec ision support systems, data warehouses, and CRM can facilitate the development of knowledge through real-time data monitoring, pattern identification and scenario modelling. This enhances the organisation sensing capabilities by providing managers with high-quality information about the state of the business, which helps them, identify emerging opportunities. One could argue from these research perspectives that technological advances are lead deterministically to better CRM systems, however it seems this is not the case ;for example Chen and Popowich (2004) claim that for some organisations CRM is simply a technology solution that consolidates disparate databases and sales force automation tools to bridge sales and marketing functions in order to improve sales efforts. This view is shared by Reinartz et al (2004) who suggest that one of the reasons for the disappointing results of many CRM initiatives can be attributed to the overemphasis on CRM as an information technology solutio n. As a result Coltman (2004) correctly argues that Information technology must be applied in the right way to derive business value and claims that Information technology impacts organizational performance via intermediate business processes, requires complementary organizational resources such as workplace practices and structures and is influenced by the external environment. Data , Information and Knowledge Plato suggested that knowledge could only be derived from that which is believed and is true, typically called justified true belief.Earl (1994) advocates that data has to be interpersonal or objective and postulates 4 levels of knowledge needed to understand organizational information events are collected and processed to generate Data , data is manipulated and interpreted to generate information and information leads to knowledge.Sveiby suggests that information is meaningless, but becomes meaningful knowledge when it is interpreted. Polanyi (1966) defines knowledge as a construct that cannot be separated from its social context, similarly Toumi,1999) posits that data should include the context within which it was captured to ensure that it can be understood and interpreted correctly. The main underpinnings of these schools of thoughts seem to underline the importance of tacit and subjective knowledge. Tacit knowledge is defined as personal; context specific and therefore hard to formalize and communicate (includes cognitive and technical elements) This is in contrast with proponents of explicit knowledge who advocate that knowledge should be objective , that is knowledge that is transmittable in formal systematic language (Nonaka and Takenchi 1995). CRM and the internet The growth and success of the internet has been emphatic as 10.000 new pages are added each day (chaffey, 2008). This success has been fuelled by the increase in broadband adoption alongside the low cost of the internet (chaffey 2008).The internet has because of its low barrier to entry and . Not only has the internet seen the introduction of new concepts such as e-business and forced organisations to evaluate organisational silos or constructs but it has introduced new technologies such as blogs, social networks, RSS that are collectively now known as web 2. 0.Petrohoff (2008) suggests that social media is not just these new technologies enabled by the internet but is more about a community that interact with each other on an ongoing basis. The growth of the CRM industry as impressive as it seems cannot compare with the explosive growth of the internet that has catapulted ecommerce to centre stage with the value of sales alone in 2008 estimated at  £222.9bn in the united kingdom (http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/ecom1109.pdf). This indicates that the ecommerce has become an important medium for companies to reach customers more easily.. The notion is thus permeated that rapid advancements in technology are leading to increasing transparency of marketing activities, thus making it difficult to achieve long-lasting differentiation (Hande Kimilog?lu and Hu ¨lya Zarali. 2008).While some (CA? LIN GURA?U et al , 2003) claim that the low entry barriers, the market size and the relatively low costs of online business activities have created a situation of intense competition and suggest that organisations therefore need to build brand loyalty and manage their relationships with customers better for long term viability .O thers on the otherhand see the potential offered by the internet such as high speed, cost effectiveness, constant availability, efficiency in transferring information, and integrated and individualised nature are major drivers and strengths for CRM applications (Bauer et al., 2002; Frawley, 2000). Thus a new conceptualization of CRM has been derived to accommodate the possibilities offered by the internet,wireless media and e-mail, denoted by E-CRM (chaffey and smith , 2008) with the goal of acquiring and retaining customers online using organisational websites The role of People in CRM implementations has been examined by some researchers and there appears to be divergent views. Rigby et al (2003) suggest that although CRM are used to automate processes; these processes cannot manage customer relationships that deviate from the norm for example CRM is not as effective for relationship building as face to face communication . Davenport et al (2004) concur with this and argue that two distinct types of knowledge is generated by Organisations through customer information processing, namely tacit and implicit knowledge. Explicit knowledge is generated through the processes of the CRM information system such as recording the actions of customers during communication .Explicit is therefore defined as knowledge that can be articulated ,documented and made accessible. This is contrasted with tacit knowledge generated during interaction with customers but cannot be documented and made accessible. Davenport et al (2004) therefore claim that for orga nisations to embark on successful CRM initiatives, human processes can complement and overcome the deficiencies in the technology led CRM implementations. This is also highlighted by Stringfellow, Nie, and Bowen (2004) who suggest CRM systems require complex channels to elicit the emotional needs of customers that cannot be met with standard CRM systems. As a result of this, they conclude that CRM systems are technology-rich but knowledge-poor. Therefore indeed the usefulness of CRM is limited when dealing with unstructured information and tacit knowledge. And some (Markus et al 2002) therefore correctly argue that Organisations need emergent knowledge processes . Emergent knowledge processes are organizational activities that exhibit three characteristics in combination: (1) deliberations with no best structure or sequence, (2) knowledge requirements include both general and tacit knowledge distributed across experts and non-experts, and (3) highly unpredictable actor set in term of job role or prior knowledge (Markus, et al., 2002). Web 2.0 : communication, cooperation, collaboration and connection. Musser and OReilly ( 2006) defines the WEB 2.0 as the business revolution in the computer industry caused by the move to the internet as platform and an attempt to understand the rules for success on that new platform. Chief among those rules is this: Build applications that harness network effects to get better the more people use them . Oreilly gives a comprehensive definition and suggests that Web 2.0 is a range of interactive emergent tools and social communication techniques such as Blogs, Podcasts and social networks that are aimed at increasing user participation and interaction on the web (Albrecht et al., 2007; Berners-Lee et al., 2006; Kerres, 2006; McAfee, 2006;Musser and OReilly, 2006; OReilly, 2005; Seufert, 2007). This implies that web 2.0 is an umbrella term that underlines a new paradigm of capabilities made possible by the pervasiveness or rather near ubiquity of internet. Some highlight the web 2.0 as the breaking down of organisational silos Oberhelman (). In fact Oberhelman () postulates that Web 2.0 refers generally to web tools that, rather than serve as a forum for authorities to impart information to a passive, receptive audience, actually invite site visitors to comment,collaborate, and edit information, creating a more distributed form of authority in which the boundaries between site creator and visitor are blurred. This view is shared by Graham (2005) who posits that

The Importance Of Literature Vs. Science :: essays research papers

The Importance of Literature vs. Science   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If we lived in a world without literature, learning only the sciences, would we be the same people? Does the human race need literature at all, does it have any worth whatsoever except as entertainment? Do people actually learn from literature? These are all questions that divide the human race into two separate sections, those who believe in the power of literature, and those who see it as impoverished compared to the social sciences in its ability to teach us about ourselves. However we need not be so divided on this issue. Literature is as rich a teacher as science, but merely differs in technique. Literature offers knowledge to those that seek it, gives experience to those who understand it, and pleasure to those that love it. Science on the other hand imparts knowledge, leads to experience, and gives pleasure to the few who love it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Literature is just as varied and expansive as Science is. There are hundreds of styles, millions of authors, and thousands of languages which make up literature. Instead of different fields, as in science, there are different genres. Literature is often backed up by research or first hand information, but can also be fanciful flights of the imagination. They are similar to the research, observation, and hypothesis found in science. Experiments can be performed in both. A scientist could ask what if, and logically and scientifically follow his what if through. A writer could ask the same and use his imagination, knowledge, and perhaps a little research, to guide his imagination. Literature and Science are similar.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However they differ in some important respects. Science is an exact realm of numbers and averages and measurements. The last time you read a romance novel, were there charts showing the Freudian prediction of the average persons love life? Literature does not have the same kind of exactitude that is offered by Science. But it does offer precision in another way. Literature often is the description of one or a few peoples lives in detail. It is from these detailed â€Å"case studies† as a scientist would call them, that we can learn. It is the argument of science that people are similar and thus scientific averages do have some relevance to humans. Yes people often do share similar characteristics, and behave similarly if coming from the same society. And thus, a detailed insight into one persons' life could give you an insight on the lives of others. In a way Literature allows you to live thousands of lives in a short time, and gain a little experience from each of them.

Grandmas Treats

Advertising has taken a toll towards being more interactive & hence more productive. Various strategies are being practiced to improve the business of any organization. Business to Business or com/marketing-200-chapter-7-quiz/">B2B strategy is basically electronic trade transactions between two or more businesses. It is comprised of applications intended to augment relationships within two or more organizations for example using internet to administer the logistics of demand & supply, explore for product catalogues, interacting with traders, receiving & sending statements & electronic imbursement.(E-business Definitions (B2C, B2B etc)) This practice enables the company to gain profit & save money in large deals by having a good interactive communications. The company can buy supplies for a bargain able price through negotiable contracts, hence saving money. The B2C strategy or Business to consumer marketing; it is a much novel sphere & basically associates to electronic retailing over the internet. Mostly it lets the public access the products on internet. Online shopping, games, product information all helps to increase the sale graph of the enterprise.It is quite a successful strategy, since it allows the consumer to interact with the company directly & purchase the desired product with great ease. Travel tickets, books, music & various other items are available to the consumer on the World Wide Web. Often the company imposes a sale offer therefore resulting in a greater percentage of sale & thus increased capital. A number of agencies have come up to guide companies for designing their B2B or B2C strategies promising the paramount way & achieve a greater collaboration with the supplier agencies & the customers to gain a competitive advantage through the extension of business.References Carl Lehmann, â€Å"B2B Strategies that Put the Customer Back in CRM† [May, 2005], eSeminars CNET Networks, Inc. [Accessed 9 th January 2008] <http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_zdesn/is_200505/ai_n13639015> Paul T. Kidd, â€Å"E-business Definitions (B2C, B2B etc. )† [November 2001] Cheshire Hen bury, [Accessed 9th January 2008] <http://www. cheshirehenbury. com/ebusiness/ebdefinitions. html> Paula Jones, â€Å"B2B† [21 Jul 2001] TechTarget [Accessed 9th January 2008] <http://searchcio. techtarget. com/sDefinition/0,,sid182_gci214411,00. html>

Mechanics of Writing Essays

Mechanics of Writing Essays Mechanics of Writing Paper Mechanics of Writing Paper What is mechanics in writing? The goal of the mechanics of writing is to make the writing precise and grammatically correct. It is directed to make the writing systematic and being concerned about how to be correct in spelling, punctuation, italics and so on. The mechanics of writing are the rules that must be followed while preparing research paper so that the research strategies and the format becomes systematic and consistent in all academic sectors. If one does not follow or if there are no such rules of writing then the writing would be certainly very difficult. Factors in mechanics of writing The important factors in mechanics of writing are: Spelling Punctuation Italics( underlying) Names of persons Titles of works in the research paper Quotations Capitalization and personal names Spelling Spelling in the research work should be consistent, clean and correct expert in quotations. The spelling in the quotation must be the original whether correct or incorrect. If we have to divide any words, we should not do so at the end of the line. If the word does not fit there, we should leave the space and bring the words in the next line. Punctuation The purpose of punctuation is to bring clarity in writing and to make it comprehensible. Punctuation clarifies sentence structure, separating some words and grouping others. It adds meaning to written words and guides for readers to understand as they move through sentences. Commas, full stops, semicolons, colons, dashes and parenthesis, hyphens, apostrophes, quotation marks and exclamation point all serve the function of punctuation and one should take account of all these marks while writing research works. Italics (underlining) In research papers and manuscripts submitted for publication, words that would be italicized in print are usually underlined. In general, we should underline foreign words used in an English text. The name of the book in which a person is doing research is always italicized. Names of Persons Generally, a researcher should state a person’s name in a text of his or her research paper fully, accurately and exactly as it appears in the original source. For example, Martin Luther King, Jr. should be used as it is not as only Martin Luther. A researcher must not use formal titles in referring to men as women, living or dead, such as Prof. Devklota. Dr.Sangita. Instead of it, the researcher should only write Devkota, Sangita and so on. Titles of works in the Research Paper Title of the publication works in the research paper should be cited form the title page not form the cover page. For capitalizing titles, one should capitalize the first words, the last words, the words and the principal words, the last words and the principal words in both titles and sub-titles. Generally title of the works must be underlined or italicized. Title of the names of books, pamphlets, periodicals, films, radio and television programs etcetera should be underlined if hand written or italicized if printed in the research paper. Titles of the names of articles, essays, short stories, short poems, chapters of book and so on should be put with in quotation marks. The same is for the case of unpublished work, such as lectures and speeches. Quotations Only the most important words, phrases, lines and passages should be quoted in the research paper as briefly as possible. The researcher should put them with in quotation mark if they are three lines or less than three lines. If a quotation runs to make than four lines, it should be put under indent. Capitalization and personal names The chief reason to capitalize a word is that the word is proper, not because the word has greater status than other words. A proper noun identiï ¬ es a speciï ¬ c member of a class. A common noun, on the other hand, denotes either the whole class or any random member of the class. For example, King Henry VIII (a particular member of a class) was a king of England (the class itself). Answering the following question can help you determine whether a noun is proper. If the answer is yes, the noun is probably a common noun. References umuc.edu/library/libhow/apa_examples.cfm http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/685/03/ http://viewourperspective.blogspot.com/2010_10_01_archive.html

Connotations of Secretary

Connotations of Secretary Connotations of Secretary Connotations of Secretary By Maeve Maddox Secretary is formed from secret. The noun suffix -ary comes from a Latin masculine form and means â€Å"belonging to or engaged in. The first â€Å"secretaries† were men who kept records and wrote letters for kings, i.e., they were people who could be trusted to keep secrets of state. Even today, although the word secretary in a business context lies on the trash heap of â€Å"political correctness,† it remains in honored use as the title of a highly placed government official, for example, â€Å"Secretary of State† and â€Å"Secretary of Defense.† At the beginning of the twentieth century, educational opportunities for women increased and the male fatalities of World War I opened new avenues to female employment. Ambitious young women, like the maid encouraged by Lady Sybil in the Downton Abbey series, aspired to the job of secretary as a means of escaping the drudgery and subservience of domestic employment. In previous decades, employment as a secretary had been a man’s job. As more and more women entered the occupation, the word secretary became feminized in the context of office work. Hollywood movies, novels, and television shows contributed to the various stereotypes that have grown up around the word: brainless young woman who files, takes telephone messages, and provides coffee for the men in the office. beautiful woman with large bosom ogled by boss and other men in the office beautiful/scheming woman looking to break up the boss’s marriage unattractive, highly efficient woman who conceals a decades-long love for the unsuspecting boss highly efficient elderly woman who lives only for her job I have never watched the television series Mad Men, but the Web abounds in articles about its presentation of the role of secretaries in the 1960s. These excerpts from an article in the New York Post (April 6, 2015) indicate that the writers for the series drew shamelessly on secretarial stereotypes: In six and a half seasons, Don has churned through nine secretaries, who were often the victim of their boss’ womanizing ways.   A switchboard operator in Season 1, Lois becomes Don’s secretary in Season 2 after Peggy’s promotion, but he fires her for being incompetent. The model-like Jane gets assigned to Don’s desk in Season 2 and it isn’t long before she starts an affair with Roger Sterling, who leaves his wife to marry her.   A Sterling Cooper employee since Season 1, Allison started as a receptionist and became Don’s secretary in Season 3. When a drunken Don forgets his keys after a Christmas party, she delivers them to his apartment and the two sleep together.   After Allison resigns, Joan assigns Bert Cooper’s elderly secretary to Don’s desk, knowing she’s the one secretary he won’t have an affair with (though it was revealed that in her younger years, Roger did just that). Blunt and cantankerous, Ida provided some comic relief before dying suddenly at her desk.   The French-Canadian Megan was promoted from the typing pool to Don’s secretary after Miss Blankenship’s death and quickly leads her boss back into his womanizing ways. On a trip to California in the season finale, Don proposes on a whim and the two later marry.   An image search for â€Å"secretaries cartoons† brings up screeds of drawings of varying degrees of offensiveness that perpetuate the stereotypes. It’s not surprising that the organization founded in 1942 as â€Å"The National Secretaries Association†- after several intervening name changes- has settled on this one: â€Å"The International Association of Administrative Professionals.† The widespread change from calling the employees formerly known as â€Å"secretaries† to â€Å"administrative assistants† is justified by the argument that running an office is more complicated than it was in the past. But, isn’t everything? We still call teachers teachers and doctors doctors. Words other than secretary exist or could be coined for office jobs that do not entail as much work and expertise as that of secretary: receptionist, filing clerk, mail clerk, errand-runner, coffee-maker. I predict that if the occupation of â€Å"administrative assistant† turns out to employ mostly women, the term will take on the same sexist overtones as secretary. Euphemisms tend to take on the connotations they are invented to dispel. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Try to vs. Try andAppropriate vs. Apropos vs. Apt

Political Effects of WWI Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political Effects of WWI - Research Paper Example They were Germany and Austria-Hungary (in 1918), Ottoman Empire (in 1922) and Russia (in 1917) (Mintz). Germany was recognized by Allied Powers as a country which launched WW1 and thus, was deprived of its overseas territories, and territories were retroceded to France in order to remain a unified German country (Effect of World War). Austria-Hungary, where the WW1 had nominally started from, was forced to cede Hungary and Balkan territories which later, proclaimed independent countries of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Czechoslovakia. Ex-empire was â€Å"trimmed down to primarily cover areas dominated by Austrian-German populations† while giving up territorial parts for Poland, Romania and Yugoslavia (Effect of World War). The Ottoman Empire, which before WW1 put together the most of Middle East lands and Turkey, was falling down due to the loss in WW1, but also to inner revolts. After the war Turkey was occupied by Allied forces, Palestine and Mesopotamia were annexed by Britain and France (Effect of World War). Later, â€Å"colonial revolts in the Middle East and in Southeast Asia† caused formation of modern independent Arab states on ex-Ottoman territories (Mintz). Russian Empire was the only winner country among ceased empires, and the reason of its fall was Russian Civil War of 1917. In this way, by the end of WW1 Russian monarchy was overthrown (Effect of World War). Bolsheviks came to power and Baltic territories - Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, - managed to proclaim independence. Along with Germany, Russia gave up a part of Empire for Poland. All other territories later constructed the USSR, headed by Vladimir Lenin (Myson). A new Russian political regime, Bolshevism and later, Communism, was established as a part of a general trend. Citizen of the countries, especially of ones which experienced the greatest losses in WW1, were disappointed in their governments, and thus, new regimes started to increase

Lord of the Flies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lord of the Flies - Research Paper Example The entire novel is portrayed symbolic in nature excluding the save in the last part where adult life become visible, distinguished and able, however in actuality ensnared in the similar evil as the symbolic life of the boys on the unknown island. Through the use of various symbols like, the image of pig’s head, conch, fire, Piggy’s spectacle, pig hunting, painted face and the plane collide promote allegoric features. Successive use of different symbols shows that how inner evil of the human being is revealed. The symbolic nature of William Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies facilitates its major theme as well its allegoric characteristics. Lord of the Flies encloses many symbols used by the author to develop and support the main theme. Symbols in this novel play a vital role and it strengthens the allegorical features of the novel. Eminent figures in literature made significant studies about the role of symbolism in Golding’s novel and those studies prove that Golding’s novel explores excellent use of symbols. Santwana Haldar rightly comments that; â€Å"The symbolic content of Lord of the Flies adds depth and meaning of the novel; otherwise it would be a mere story of adventure based on crude psychological process† (Haldar 138). ... The story is developed through various events that occurred in the life of some boys who came from civilized land. The name of the novel and the objects that provides is the most significant symbol. The image of pig’s head, the slaughtered animal’s head is highly graphic and frightening. Consequently, reader becomes aware of the evil, darkness and fear depicted in the Lord of the Flies. The conch is portrayed as another powerful symbol that reveals the presence of civilized authority, and democratic principles. The online article entitled Lord of the Flies Symbolism, Imagery & Allegory remarks; â€Å"They boys have imposed this â€Å"rule of the conch† on themselves, and thus the conch represents society’s rules, politics, and speech† (Shmoop University). Golding’s novel Reader can come across that the entire novel explores the savagery of human being which underlying each and every human. Eyeglasses of Piggy and Piggy himself make known the insight, wisdom and knowledge. Piggy become identified with a haunted pig, and consequently will be killed too. Here, the habit of pig hunting changes to man hunting. When Piggy dies, the failure or breakdown of society on the island is happened. Piggy’s death is a powerful symbol which discloses boy’s transformation from civilization to savagery. After his death, his companions identify his arms and legs wrenched like a pig’s after it has been killed (Bloom 13). The long hair of the boys and their symbolic mask with clay paint also symbolizes the dreadful transformation from a structured and well educated life to utter savagery. Modern man’s unknown fear about his material existence is revealed through the symbol of beast. Golding underlines the idea that never ending struggle is the curse of modern